230: ואת התודעה שלך הרחבת כבר היום?

 

קיימת קבוצה שלמה של חומרים, או תרופות, המעסיקה פלח קטן אך גדל של האוכלוסיה, ואלה קרויים נואוטרופים Nootropics .

הם מוכרים גם כ"תרופות חכמות", מגדילי או מרחיבי זכרון, מגדילים נאורולוגים, מגדילי או מרחיבי קוגניציה או אינטליגנציה  smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro enhancers, cognitive enhancers, intelligence enhancers.

אלה תרופות או סמים, תוספי מזון nutraceuticals, ומזונות פונקציונליים functional foods (מזונות ולהם תכונה ביולוגית) המשפרים אחד או יותר מתיפקודי המוח. כגון זכרון עבודה, קשב, ועוד.

מקור השם מן היוונית: νους (מבוטא נואוס) שזה בערך תודעה, ו τρέπειν  (המבוטא טרפאין) שזה להפוך, או לשנות.

מעט חומרים ידועים כבעלי השפעה על הקוגניציה, המוכרים והנפוצים ביותר לכולנו הם הקפאין, התאין שבתה, והניקוטין שבסיגריות.

חומרים אחרים אינם נגישים כל כך לציבור הרחב והם חומרים פסיכואקטיביים המשמשים לטיפול בהפרעות קשב וריכוז, אלצהיימר, מחלות מערכת העצבים כגון פרקינסון, מחלת האנטינגטון ודומים. ביניהם ריטלין ששייך לאמפטמינים Amphetamines , וחומרים דומים המוכרים כמעוררים (ספידים או "אפרים" uppers ), אמפקינים Ampakines,  המרחיבים קשב, יוגרואים Eugeroics שהם מגבירי ערנות, פרקורסורים של דופאמין Dopamine precursors, אפדרין Ephedrine, שמקורו ברפואת צמחי המרפא הסינית ונמצא למשל בתרופות נגד שיעול, MDMA המוכר בשמו העממי כאקסטזי ecstasy, ועוד, כגון MDPV, Prolintane,  Mephedrone,  Methamphetamine,  levomethamphetamine,  Phenylpropanolamine,  Propylhexedrine,  Dimethylamylamine,  Pseudoephedrine,  Catha edulis (Khat)  צמח הגת של התימנים,  ו- Cocaine .קוקאין

במחקרים שונים נמצא כי החומרים הפועלים כמרחיבי קוגניציה פועלים כאגוניסטים ישירים או עקיפים על שני קולטנים במוח:  dopamine receptor D₁, adrenoceptor A₂,  בקורטקס הפרה- פרונטלי prefrontal cortex.

אמפטמינים ו Methylphenidate  משפרים בקרה קוגניטיבית, זכרון עבודה וכו')

יוגרואים ממעודדים ערנות ומסייעים בחשיבה לוגית ופתרון בעיות,

קסנטינים ובעיקר קפאין מעודדים ערנות ובמקרים מסוימים זכרון,

ניקוטין משפר מוטוריקה עדינה ערנות, התמצאות במרחב וזכרון עבודה

Bacopa monnieri , צמח המוכר ברפואת האיורוודה ההודית בשם Brahmi משפר זכרון,

שורש הג'ינסנג Panax ginseng, שמקורו ברפואה הסינית והמוכר בשפתם בשם ren shen מסייע כנראה לקוגניציה ועל כן באלצהיימר, משפר יכולת פתרון בעיות מתמטיות, ומשפר מצב רוח,

על המרווה הרפואית Salvia officinalis  נטען כי היא משפרת קוגניציה,

גינקו בילובה Ginkgo biloba  אמור לשפר קשב, תיפקודי ניהול מוחיים וזכרון לטווח ארוך.

כך נטען גם לגבי פטריות פסיכודליות ( psilocybin),  מסקאלין Mescaline, איוואסקה Ayahuasca  ואל-אס-די LSD/.

למותר לציין כי מדיטציה נחשבת (כמובן) כנואוטרופית, והיא מרחיבת תודעה ותיפקודים מנטליים שהוכחה במחקרים רבים. (יש כאלה, אשר בניגוד למסורות המזרח הבודהיסטיות וההינדיות, המשלבים בין מדיטציה וצמחים נואוטרופים כגון פטריות, או Bacopa  ההודי)

לאחרונה התפרסם בארץ מאמרו של פרופ' יוסי חביב, מנהל המחלקה הנפרולוגית במרכז הרפואי האוניברסיטאי סורוקה, על חלבון בשם קלותו Klotho , המיוצר בכליה, ואשר מעכב תהליכי הזדקנות, אבל בנוסף לכך, הוא משפר יכולות זכרון ולמידה וקשור בתיפקוד קוגניטיבי משופר, כלומר, פעילותו דומה לחומרים נואוטרופיים Nootropics . והדרך להשפיע על רמתו של חלבון הקלותו הוא באמצעות נטילת ויטמין די VITAMIN D., צריכת ligustilide  הקיים בצמח האנג'ליקה הידוע בשמו הסיני דונג קוואי – Dong Quai, החומר resveratrol המצוי בקליפות ענבים (אך לא ביין), אוכמניות blueberries, פֶּטֶל raspberries ותות–עץ mulberries. והחומר Pterostilbene  הקיים בשקדים, גַּרְגְּרֵי יַעַר כגון חמוציות cranberry, אוכמניות blueberry, bilberry, lingonberry , cowberry, huckleberry, ועלי גפן .

בקיצור- תתחילו לחפש מה לקחת, ולעשות מדיטציה.

למקורות :

מקורות

"Dorlands Medical Dictionary". Archived from the originalon January 30, 2008.

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  Tianeptine prevents and reverses stress-induced glucocorticoid-mediated dendritic remodeling in CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus (40,41) and stress-induced increases in dendritic length and branching in the amygdala (50). Tianeptine blocks the dendritic remodeling caused by stress or glucocorticoids (41), blocks stress-induced impairments of spatial memory performance in radial and Y-maze (70,71) and antagonizes the deleterious effects of alcohol (72).
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